strong>Satellite provider: Roscosmos
Satellite name: MIR Space Station
Experiment name: “Shipka”
Instrument name: LIULIN

Cooperation: Bulgaria, Russia
Begin-end of data: 01/01/1991-31/12/1991
PI/CoPI: V. Petrov, IMBP; Ts. Dachev, SRTI.
Main description reference: (Dachev et al., (1989), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(89)90445-6)
Units: Size [mm]/Mass [kg]: 1 DU: (109 ×149 ×40mm, 0.45kg); 1 MCU (300 ×220 ×187mm, 6.5kg)
Place: inside MIR Space Station
Shielding [g cm^-2]: Inside different modules of the MIR SS; >5 g cm^-2
Resolution: 30 sec

External view of “Mir” space station

External view of LIULIN instrument

Block-diagram of the Liulin instrument

Dose measurement algorithms and formulas

The measurements in the LIULIN instrument were based on a single silicon detector followed by a charge-sensitive shaping amplifier (CSA). The number of the pulses at the output of CSA above a given threshold was proportional to the particle flux hitting the detector; the amplitude of the pulses at the output of the CSA was proportional to the particles’ deposited energy, and the integral of the energy depositions of the particles accumulated in the detector during the measurement interval al-lowed calculation of the dose rate.

The method for measuring the flux and the dose of the instrument is based on the integration of the pulse amplitudes for the individual exposure time. The absorbed dose D and the flux F are defined as follows:

where dJ/dE are the differential flow of the particles and dE/dX is the deposited energy per particle;E, and E2 are the lower and upper limit of the deposited energy spectrum. E1 is limited by the noise of the detector and electronics and E2 of the maximum amplitude of the pulse from a single particle which may be measured. G is the geometric factor and the dose per unit time.

“DATA SOURCES” string description

Date/Time (DD/MM/YYYY hh:mm:ss); altitude (ALT) (km); longitude (LONG) (deg); latitude (LAT) (deg); L value (L); total magnetic field strength (B) (Gauss); flux (FLUX) (cm^-2 s^-1); absorbed dose rate (DOSE) (mGy h^-1); dose to flux ratio (D/F) (nGy cm^-2 particle^-1). All LIULIN full text data are separated in 2 files available online at: http://esa-pro.space.bas.bg/datasources/LIULIN_MIR . All full text files are in csv format.

Additional references, concerning LIULIN data:

Bottollier-Depois J.F., B. Almarcha, S.B. Koslova, T.P. Dachev, J.V. Semkova, Tomov, B.T., Y.N. Matviichuk, R.T. Koleva, P.T. Baynov, L. Lebaron-Jacobs, V.M. Petrov, M. Siegrist, V.V. Shurshakov, E. Duvivier, V. Bengin, Tissue equivalent detector data obtained recently on Mir space station. Comparison with solid state detector data, ASR, (12), 171-174, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(96)00036-1

Dachev, Ts. P., Yu. N. Matviichuk, N. G. Bankov, Ya. J. Ivanov, B. T. Tomov, V. M. Petrov, V. I. Redko, M. V. Zil, V. G. Mitrakas, T. N. Smirnova, V. V. Temny, Yu. N. Ponomarev, R. Tykva, "Mir" Radiation Dosimetry Results during the Solar Flares events in September-October 1989, Adv. Space Res., 12, 2-2, (2)321-4, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(92)90122-E

Dachev Ts.P., J.V. Semkova, Yu.N.Matviichuk, R.T. Koleva, B.T. Tomov, P.T. Baynov, J.F. Bottollier- Depois, V.D. Nguen, L. Lebaron-Jacobs, M. Siegrist, E. Duvivier, B. Almarcha, V.M. Petrov, V.V. Shurshakov, New results for the space radiation environment of MIR space station obtained by Liulin dosimeter¬radiometer.  Comparison with LET spectrometer NAUSICAA, Acta Astronautica, vol.36 ,Nos 8-12, pp 505-515, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0094-5765(95)00136-0

Dachev, Ts., J. Semkova, V. Petrov, V. Redko, V. Bengin, T. Kostereva, J. Miller, L. Heilbronn, C. Zeitlin, Analysis of the pre -flight and post-flight calibration procedures performed on the LIULIN space radiation dosimeter, Acta Astronautica, 42, 375-387, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0094-5765(98)00132-5

Dachev Ts.P., J.V. Semkova, Yu.N. Matviichuk,  B.T. Tomov, R.T. Koleva,, P.T. Baynov, V.M. Petrov, V.V. Shurshakov, Yu. Ivanov, Inner Magnetosphere Variations after Solar Proton Events. Observations on Mir Space Station In 1989-1994 Time Period, Adv. Space Res., 22, No 4, 521-526, 1998. Imp. fact. 0.706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(98)01073-4

Dachev, Ts.P. B.T. Tomov, Yu.N. Matviichuk, R.T. Koleva, J.V. Semkova, V.M. Petrov, V.V. Benghin, Yu.V. Ivanov, V.A. Shurshakov, J. Lemaire, Solar Cycle Variations ff MIR Radiation Environment as Observed by the LIULIN Dosimeter, Radiation Measurements, 30 (3), pp. 269-274, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00061-X

Dachev, T.P., J.V. Semkova, B.T. Tomov, Yu.N. Matviichuk, Pl.G. S. Maltchev, R. Koleva, Pl., Dimitrov, N.G. Bankov, V.V., Shurshakov, V.V., Benghin, E.N., Yarmanova, O.A. Ivanova, D.-P. Häder, M.T. Schuster, G. Reitz, G. Horneck, Y. Uchihori, H. Kitamura, O. Ploc,  J. Kubancak, I. Nikolaev, Overview of the Liulin type instruments for space radiation measurement and their scientific results, 92–114, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2015.01.005

Petrov, M.V., V.S. Machmutov, N.A. Panova, V.A.  Shurshakov, Ts.P. Dachev, Ju.N. Matviichuk, J.V. Semkova, Peculiarities of the Solar Proton Events of October 19, 1989 and March 23, 1991 According to the Measurements On Board the MIR Space Station, Adv.  Space Res., V 14, No.10, 645-650, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(94)90520-7

Shurshakov, V.A. V.M. Petrov, N.A. Panova, Yu.V. Ivanov, V.S. Makhmutov, Ts. Dachev, J. Semkova, Experimental investigations of quasistable radiation belts formed after solar proton events in September-October 1989 and March 1991 based on measurements made by Liulin dosimeter-radiometer on board the MIR space station, Advances in Space Research 18 (12) pp. (12)251-(12)257, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(96)00020-8

Shurshakov, V.A., V.M. Petrov, Makhmutov, and T.P. Dachev, New radiation belt dynamics according to measurements made by "LIULIN" dosimeter-radiometer on board the "MIR" space station in 1991, Radiation Measurements. 26, No 3, 379, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1350-4487(96)00040-6

Shurshakov, V.A., S.L. Huston, Ts.P. Dachev, V.M. Petrov, Yu.V. Ivanov, J.V. Semkova,.Direct comparison of transient radiation belt topology and dynamics in 1991 based on measurements onboard Mir Space Station and NOAA Satellite, Adv. Space Res., vol. 22, No 4, pp. 527-  531, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(98)01074-6

Shurshakov, V. A., V. M. Petrov, YuV Ivanov, V. A. Bondarenko, V. V. Tzetlin, V. S. Makhmutov, Ts.P. Dachev and J. V. Semkova, Solar particle events observed on MIR station, Radiation Measurements, Volume 30, Issue 3, 317-325, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4487(99)00058-X 

Please acknowledge data providers:

1. Tsvetan Dachev, SRTI-BAS: tdachev@bas.bg or: tdachev59@gmail.com

URL: http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uzmW_mwAAAAJ

2. Viacheslav Shurshakov, IBMP-RAS shurshakov@inbox.ru